Sunday, January 26, 2020
Korsgaards Position About Lying To The Murderer
Korsgaards Position About Lying To The Murderer In this paper I will discuss Christine M. Korsgaards position about lying to the murderer at the door in response to Immanuel Kants view regarding the matter. I will then give two objections to her view and explain why I dont find her account to be very persuasive. Then, I will argue why I believe that lying to the murderer at the door is permissible in my opinion. I will start off by explaining Kants view. Kant believes that his moral theory forbids lying under all possible circumstances, even those where there is a murderer at the door wondering if an innocent victim is hiding in your house. After all, if everybody lied, even just to murderers at the door enquiring about the whereabouts of their victims, then the lying could not succeed since no murderer would believe what one says, and therefore lying violates the first form of the Categorical Imperative, which Kant calls the Formula of Universal Law. Similarly, the lie violates the second form of the Categorical Imperative, which Kant names the Formula of Humanity. The lie fails to respect the rationality of the murderer, since by lying we manipulate the murderer into actions directed at our own intensions and ends. Since the liars end is opposed to the end that the murderer has willingly chosen for themselves, the liar fails to treat the murderer with respect and dignity and therefore trea ts the murderer merely as a means to get what they want. Lying even in such an extreme case as the murderer at the door is a Imperfection violation of the Categorical Imperatives according to Kant. Korsgaard goes against Kants assertion that it is wrong to give the murderer at the door the wrong answer arguing that it does not violate the Categorical Imperatives to lie in these circumstances. She further discusses that it is a duty to lie to the murderer at the door and expands on her reasoning. Korsgaard comes up with a two level theory on which the first form of the Categorical Imperative would apply under all circumstances and the second only when one is defending oneself or another against evil. In order to defend Kants first Categorical Imperative, Korsgaard argues that it is in fact permissible from a Kantian point of view to universalize the maxim, or principle that governs action, when lying to the murderer at the door. She argues that the first form of the Categorical Imperative is not violated in the case where the murderer makes a secret of their murderous intensions. She explains that if the murderer at the door does not know that the recipient knows they are murderers, that the murderer will think that the recipient will believe that they are just a friendly neighbor trying to find out where their friend is for example. In other words, she believes you can universalize a maxim in which you respond to evil with an effort to frustrate evil through deception, where the evil person is unaware that you are aware of his plan. The evil person, or murderer, does not realize that you are in the position in which you would use this maxim; therefore you would be able to use th is without frustrating your purpose to successfully get away with your lie. Imperfection In order to defend Kants second Categorical Imperative, which explains that we must respect each others rational nature by always treating others with respect and dignity and never merely as a means, Korsgaard argues that it is permissible to not abide by this formula due to the fact that the murderer is not respecting your rational nature by lying to you in the first place. Korsgaard argues that we are permitted and also have a duty to mutual aid one another and lie to the murderer at the door out of self-defense. She believes that in order to protect yourself you may respond to a lie with a lie. The murderer is not offering you the grounds to consent to his activity with him, so Korsgaard believes that you are not obliged in response to offer transparency. Part of her argument is that you are being lied to, and you have a duty of self-respect, not to allow yourself to be used as a tool for evil. Korsgaard explains that this makes it possible to lie back to the murderer. She also ma kes a point that we must protect one another, especially if the person you are protecting is innocent. Korsgaard also believes this in this case you would not be abusing communication by the lie. Korsgaard relates more with the non-ideal Kantian view versus the ideal Kantian view in which Kant takes. Ideal Kantian theory is how we are permitted and obliged to behave if we lived in a society where we all followed the rules and we were of good will and good faith. This theory explains how flawed and imperfect but good human beings would be required to behave in respect to one another. Non-ideal Kantian theory on the other hand is relevantly different. It explains how we are required to behave when many of us are of good will but Imperfection many of us are also not of good will. Korsgaard relates non-ideal Kantian theory to this case, the murderer is not acting on a good will. She believes that in non-ideal circumstances we have justifications for treating each other in such ways that we wouldnt treat each other in ideal circumstances. Although I think Korsgaard has made some interesting claims, I believe her arguments have not been fully persuasive. My first objection to Korsgaards argument is that I believe she misunderstands how Kantian universalization is supposed to work. Korsgaards account will not defend Kant successfully because it only works under certain circumstances. This is Korsgaards main flaw in her assertion Universalization does not work when the murderer is transparent about their evil intensions. Korsgaards argument only works when the murderer does not know that you know of their intensions. Lying maxims fail to be universalized when both parties know the situations they are in causing a major gap in Korsgaards argument. I believe that regardless of whether you can universalize lying to a murderer, it should almost always be permissible to do so in order to save a life. For example, if you were hiding Ann Frank in your basement and the Nazi Police came to your door and asked you if you were hiding any Jews, you would have to tell the Nazis the truth under Korsgaards universalization claim. The Nazis know that everybody knows of their murderous intentions, so they know that you know that they will kill Ann Frank if you told them where she was hiding, therefore the Nazis will know that you will lie to them in order to save her life. So you will not Imperfection be able to universalize this maxim and get away with lying in this particular situation. This example proves that Korsgaards assertion is in very weak, since it only works under a certain scenario. After discussing this material with my partner, Corine Machalani, we went over some objections that Korsgaard might offer to this assertion. I believe Korsgaard would argue against this claim by stating that in a scenario where the murderer is not trying to deceive, the only thing you could do is refuse to answer his question. This is absolutely ridiculous because I think if you told a murderer that you would be putting your life in danger. By telling someone that you are not going to tell him, you have practically admit that you are hiding something from them. So in the case of the murderer you are admitting that you know the whereabouts of their victim but refuse to tell them. This would be a very dangerous situation that I would altogether try and avoid. When dealing with an evil person such as a murderer, you must protect your life. I believe lying to the murderer at the door is permissible out of self-protection and because it is the morally right thing to do. You know that by hiding Jews in your house you are breaking the law, so in order to protect yourself against the Nazis you should be allowed to lie out of self-defense. Even where the Nazis tell you that if you tell them the truth that you will be rewarded instead of personally prosecuted or injured, I still believe you should lie. You should help one another and to protect an innocent persons life because it is the right thing Imperfection to do. Life is the most precious thing and should be guarded in any way possible, whether your life or another individuals. Although I believe Korsgaard has made a good point regarding the duty to aid an innocent person against evil, I believe some of her reasoning is incorrect. Korsgaards argues that if someone lies to you, you can lie back to them. Korsgaard argues that since the murderer is lying to you about their motives, you may respond to a lie with a lie. I believe this is not a strong argument. A lie is an intentional invitation of trust and a breaking of faith, and the fact that the murderer is lying to you doesnt justify you lying to them back, and it definitely is not a reason that makes lying moral in any way. My reasoning regarding this matter is the eye for an eye argument, I believe two wrongs dont make it right. Just because someone lies to you doesnt make it right to lie back, and if our world operated this way there would be nothing but chaos. I believe when deciding whether lying is right or wrong, it all comes down to the intensions of the parties involved. The Nazis have evil intensions of murdering innocent people for no reason, and you have good intensions of protecting yourself and others. Even though in Germany back in those days it was the law to hand over the Jews, that society was corrupt and flawed. The only time I would argue that it is permissible not to lie to the murderer at the door would be if the person you were hiding in your house were also a murderer. I believe lying is acceptable when saving an innocent life. Korsgaard has not successfully justified in pointing to Kants view of lying Imperfection as a refutation of the Categorical Imperatives. I believe a Kantian needs to bite the bullet and agree that there are some serious flaws in their argument. There are lies that Kantians believe are impermissible even though such lies are actually a duty in my eyes. Korsgaard has not successfully proven that Kants Categorical Imperatives actually work in difficult situations concluding that her argument is not very strong.
Saturday, January 18, 2020
Marketing Changing Essay
Along with the changing business world, customers change as well, becoming more demanding and knowledgeable than before. In turn, company management had shifted their focus on their clients or customers so as to stay successfully in business. This transition meant that Estee Lauder have to completely reformulate their conventional business aims and purposes from being process-focused to customer-centred. Rethinking and reformulating the organization on the other hand, entail the consideration of several factors such as various processes, technology, the environment as well as the success factors of people (Cohen and Moore, 2000). Hence, in order to bring out exceptional customer services within the company operations, the management should employ fine-tuned organizational restructuring. Moreover, employing proactive customer commitment involves the consideration on culture and infrastructure (Lowenstein, 1997).                The creation or formulation of a marketing communication plan is essential for all industries. In most cases, communication is necessary to mobilize support, remove uncertainty, establish acceptance, and most importantly, reduce the risks. Oftentimes, the implementation of marketing communication strategy through for example, new product or new initiative, requires enormous allocations for both staff and financial resources. Hence, all efforts and resources must not go to waste; they must all be directed towards the objective of the company (Neumann and Sumser, 2002). Several disadvantages can be obtained due to inadequate planning of the marketing communication strategy. For instance, it could lead to productivity losses, including loss of both existing and new staff and economic loss. The absence of a marketing communication plan may also lead to false starts and personal losses, which can occur as stakeholders become frustrated and disappointed over the general mission (Neumann and Sumser, 2002). On the bright side, these losses are avoidable. In support of the creation of a marketing communication plan, Shimp (2003) had noted that the efficacy of marketing communication lies on four major aspects. These aspects state that marketing communication should be clearly positioned; directed to a particular target market, created to achieve a specific objective; and undertaken to accomplish the objective within the budget constraint. According to Byron in 2006, Estee Lauder debuted its first-ever online campaign for its flagship brand, with ads promoting its newest anti-aging product, Advanced Night Repair Concentrate. The campaign includes a dedicated site at www.thelittlebrownbottle.com, advertisements on blogs and a sponsored MSN.com site called `Night Spa.` The company declined to quantify the cost, although it said the online budget was coming out of money normally spent on traditional media. Està ©e Lauder spent about $60 million advertising its namesake brand last year, according to a person familiar with the matter. Under the marketing plan, clear positioning is identified through the determination of the Estee Lauder’s Advanced Night Repair Concentrate, its image to the customers as well as its competitors. In terms, of market communications, these aspects are also related. Marketing communication must be clearly positioned in such a way that its objective and strategy places the product over all other competitors. An advertisement for instance, must be able to stand out to the consumers so as gain a stronger foothold within the market. Popular commercial statements for instance, also create clear positioning out of marketing communication. Estee Lauder for example is known for its main mission, which states that the company’s purpose is to create value for customers to earn their lifetime loyalty. Through this popular slogan, Estee Lauder clearly positions itself in most retailers that provide everything the customer needs so as to gain their patronage.                By means of studying the competitors, Estee Lauder can apply a marketing communication strategy that will clearly position its product to the target market. This aspect of marketing communication can be explained further by understanding customer relationship management. By establishing good relations with the company’s customers, clear positioning of marketing communications can be attained. The implementation of customer relationship management (CRM) through the comprehensive approach can provide the company considerable competitive advantage. This aspect is very much essential to this time considering that most services or products offered by companies have certain similarities (Lowenstein, 1997). Strategy perhaps, is the most important key to the successful implementation of customer relationship management. In order to do so, company management must realize that, either directly or indirectly, the achievement of its goals contributes much to the customers’ or clients’ general experience with the company. Successful incorporation of people, process and technology is probably the most efficient strategy in CRM implementation. This system begins with the purposeful and dedicated alignment of the processes employed by the management. These include the planning, organizing, directing and controlling procedures, which are all geared towards the customers (Cohen and Moore, 2000). Thus, customer management relationship, also referred to as customer service management, encompasses more than the attainment of customer satisfaction. This change management is a balance between enhanced company processes and renewed objectives. In other words, customers should also feel that the companies and businesses they support and patronize give due importance, essentiality and vitality to their operations (Cohen and Moore, 2000).                Marketing communication must be created to achieve specific objectives. Upon the identification of the target market, the company must then formulate the message it wants to relay to its audience. This is also referred to as the company’s value proposition. The creation of the objectives of marketing communication is important so as to cause an impact or effect to the each member of the target audience in spite of the extensive communication noise (Neumann and Sumser, 2002). In a way, the identification of the objectives will help the company come up with communication methods that will it stand out or different from the rest. The consumers need to understand fully how the communication message will affect them. If it is a relevant message, and they are able to decipher its effect on them, the company will be able to successfully communicate the message.                The objectives of marketing communication are interconnected with the activities the company can apply for effective communication as well as its target market. For instance, the company aims to improve and broaden its services to its customers. In order to do this, the company applied a strategy through the use of the internet. Considering that some customers are working on the field, this strategy will only work for customers who work on online environments. Hence, the company must apply a marketing communication strategy that is applicable for all targets. In addition to the consideration of the total target market, each individual must be exposed to the company’s message several times so as to establish a stronger connection. This can be achieved through the use of several strategies such as the conduction of various events, online marketing, direct mail or advertising.                Basically, the objectives of companies for employing marketing communication are concentrated on the enhancement of customer services, augmentation of market coverage, increased company profit or introduction of a new product or services. In order to achieve these objectives, companies apply various forms of strategies. The tremendous growth of technological advancement has become the driving force of contemporary industries. The diffusion of the internet has revolutionized the business arena. The use of the Internet is changing high-tech marketing overnight while different industries have been trying to use it as part of their marketing strategy. It has not only reconfigured the way different firms do business and the way the consumers buy goods and services, but it has also become an effective instrument in transforming the value chain from manufacturers to retailers to consumers, creating a new retail distribution channel (Donthu and Garcia, 1999). E-marketing is a powerful tool used by different business organizations around the world.                E-marketing is also known to be the online marketing strategy utilized by different company whose objective is to be the best company in their field. In various countries worldwide, more and more business firms have been using e-marketing strategy in order to be competitive. From books, foods and beverages, automobiles and other products and services, various firms, irregardless of their company sizes, are trying to survive by means of e-marketing strategy. Aside from being a promotional medium, the internet is a tool for marketing communications as well. Due to its interactive nature, the internet is an efficient method used in communicating with the consumers. Hence, several companies are beginning to realize the advantages of using the internet as a tool for communication. Companies then started to concentrate on designing web-related strategies and employing interactive agencies that will facilitate their development of specific company web sites as part of their integrated marketing communication strategy. There are companies however, that are effectively using the internet by incorporating their web-related strategies with the other areas of their IMC strategies. The approach now becomes integrated and more strategic. On-line marketing is considered to be the most expensive yet seems to be the most comprehensive marketing strategy that every company wants to implement and apply. At present, people, particularly those in the business arena, tend to engage themselves within the trend of rapidly growing technology so as to stay competitive. Upon surfing the internet, various companies have put up their official sites online for customers and potential consumers to view. Online or e-marketing is the latest marketing approach for any firm who wants to effectively market its products and services. In addition, e-marketing enables the company to be known worldwide since more and more people are able to access information derived from the internet. Within the business world, where competition is strict, internet marketing is one essential marketing strategy applied by most industries. Marketing is indeed a complex combination of several factors. Within the concept of effective marketing communication, an effective plan must involve clear positioning, identification of the target market, establishment of specific objectives and strategy implementation within budgetary constraints. In order to successfully apply marketing communications, companies must be able to integrate all these factors, such as the ones exemplified by Estee Lauder to its retailers. References Cohen, S. & Moore, J. (2002). Today’s Buzzword: CRM. Public Management, 82 (4), 10. Donthu, N. & Garcia, A. (1999). The Internet shopper. Journal of Advertising Research, 39 (3), 52-58. Lowenstein, M.W. (1997). The Customer Loyalty Pyramid. Westport, CT: Quorum Books. Neumann, E. & Sumser, R. (2002). Marketing Communications: A Vital Element of Achieving Change. The Public Manager, 31 (4), 9+. Shimp, T.A. (2003). Advertising, Promotion, & Supplemental Aspects of Integrated Marketing Communication. Sixth Edition. Southwestern: Thompson. Â
Friday, January 10, 2020
Lamb to the Slaughter Essay
Rohal Dahl’s short story, ‘Lamb to the Slaughter’, set in the early 20th century, isn’t your typical crime-fiction story, a murder is brewing. As the detectives strive for answers, eating away their only clue, Dahl communicates to the reader that the contrast is unexpected. A housewife, Mary Maloney, is expecting her husband home after a long day at work; unaware to the news he carries with him. Dahl never reveals the news to the readers, but gives them clues by Mary’s reactions. As the author continues the story, the readers sense a mood between Mr. and Mrs. Maloney. This serves the purpose of foreshadowing by hinting at a future problem or disagreement. Dahl uses several writing techniques such as language style, characterization, point of view, plot structure and setting to make the story more exciting and enjoyable. Lamb to the Slaughter, is written in their person to take most of the character’s personal feelings out of the story. Writing in third person is a stronger, more forceful type of writing because the main points and events stand out them selves without feelings getting in the way. One of the reasons authors write in third person is to dis-include themselves from the story. By using words like they, she and he, Dahl has excluded both himself and the reader from the story, creating a stronger, more enjoyable story. The first character introduced in the novel is Mary Maloney. Because it is only a short story, Dahl has left most of the physical features of the character out and focused more in the idiosyncrasies and actions of each character. Along the way Mary’s features are described but not in dept. Another way characters are revealed is by the way others react to them and how much emotion each character puts in their speech. Dahl has made sure that the readers feel intrigued by Mrs. Maloney’s character and how she changes from such an innocent woman to an emotionless murderer.
Thursday, January 2, 2020
Classical Vs. Keynesian Models Essay - 922 Words
Classical vs Keynesian models Two economic models of thought are classical and Keynesian models. Each model takes a diverse approach to the economic education of financial policy, buyer behavior, and government spending. The classical model, which traces its origins to the 1770s, was the first systematic attempt to explain the determinants of the price level and the national levels of real GDP, employment, consumption, savings, and investments. Classical economist Adam Smith and others assumed that all wages and prices were flexible and that competitive markets existed throughout the economy. Classical economic theory is fixed in the theory of an (no government) unrestrictive economic market. This model especially its focus toward macroeconomics relies on four major assumptions: pure competition exists, wages and prices are flexible, people are motivated by self-interest, and people cannot be fooled by money illusion. Flexible Prices are the prices of everything; supplies, employment (incomes), property (rent), etc. must be mutually ascending and descending. However, in truth, it has been perceived that these prices are not as freely elastic downwards as they are upwards, due to a multiplicity of market limitations, resembling unions, and laws. Flexible prices confirm that markets regulate to equilibrium and decrease deficiencies and overages. Say s Law proposes that the aggregate production in an economy must generate an income enough to purchase all the economy sShow MoreRelatedKayne vs Hayek1370 Words  | 6 PagesChanya Udomphorn ID# 5380040 Macroeconomics Mr. Rattakarn Komonrat Keynes vs. Hayek Macroeconomics is a branch of economics dealing with the performance, structure, behavior, and decision-making of the whole economy. Macroeconomists study aggregated indicators such as GDP, unemployment rates, and price indices to understand how the whole economy functions. 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